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Vocabulary category: Connectors & Function Words

Connectors, adverbs, and words that organize sentences.

Bisaya · Cebuano · Vocabulary

Naapil

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English

included; added; comprisedadjective / participle

Alternative meanings

included; added; comprised; incorporated; counted in; part of something

Pronunciation

nah-AH-peel

Root and affixes

Comes from apil, meaning to include, participate, or be part of. Lakip also means included or including, especially in lists or documents.

Variants or conjugations

include; included/including; was included; include it; be included

Related words and expressions

list; group; part; inside; companion/included with

Meaning and usage notes

Use naapil when something has already been included. Use apil for include or participate. Use lakip for included/including in a more formal register.

included, added, comprised
Example 1

Naapil na ang bayad sa serbisyo.

The service fee is already included.

Example 2

Wala siya naapil sa lista.

He or she was not included in the list.

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Bisaya · Cebuano · Vocabulary

Kasagaran

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English

usually; habitual; usual; normallyadverb / adjective / habitual expression

Pronunciation

kah-sah-GAH-rahn

Root and affixes

Kasagaran comes from sagad, related to what is common or usual. It does not work exactly like the Spanish verb soler; it is placed in a sentence to show that something usually or frequently happens.

Meaning and usage notes

Use kasagaran for habitual, usual, or normally. If you mean being used to something, naanad may fit better. For habitual as an established custom, kinaandan can also work depending on the sentence.

frequencygenerallyhabithabitualhabituallynormallyusualusually
Example 1

Kasagaran mokaon ko og pamahaw sayo.

I usually eat breakfast early.

Example 2

Kasagaran nga buhat niya ang pagbasa sa gabii.

His/Her usual activity is reading at night.

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Bisaya · Cebuano · Vocabulary

Kawalay

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English

absence; lacknoun / nominal form

Pronunciation

kah-WAH-lie

Root and affixes

Kawalay is formed from wala, which expresses there is none, nothing, or absence. With ka-, it can nominalize the idea of lack or absence.

Meaning and usage notes

Use kawalay for absence as lack or deficiency: absence of support, money, peace, or resources. For absence from class, work, or a meeting, absensya or wala siya may sound more natural.

absencelackmissingno presencenoneschoolwithoutwork
Example 1

Ang kawalay suporta lisod kaayo.

The absence of support is very difficult.

Example 2

Nabantayan ang iyang absensya sa klase.

His or her absence in class was noticed.

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Bisaya · Cebuano · Vocabulary

Hingpit

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English

perfect; complete; completely; fullyadjective / adverbial expression

Pronunciation

HING-pit

Root and affixes

Hingpit may also appear as himpit in some sources or variants. Sa hingpit works as an adverbial expression meaning completely, fully, or thoroughly.

Meaning and usage notes

Use hingpit for perfect, complete, or total. For totally as an adverb, use sa hingpit. In casual conversation, completely may also be expressed with kaayo or other wording depending on the sentence.

absolutecompletecompletelyfullyperfectthoroughtotalwithout flaw
Example 1

Dili ko sa hingpit sigurado.

I am not completely sure.

Example 2

Hingpit ang iyang tubag.

His or her answer was perfect.

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Bisaya · Cebuano · Vocabulary

Padayon

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English

to proceed; to continue; to go onverb

Alternative meanings

to proceed; to continue; to go on; to move forward; to carry on; to remain

Pronunciation

pah-DAH-yohn

Root and affixes

Comes from dayon, related to continuing, entering, or going on. Padayon can be used as a verb and also as encouragement: Padayon!

Variants or conjugations

will proceed; will continue; continuing; was continued; go on

Related words and expressions

start; walk/go; do; plan; continuation

Meaning and usage notes

If proceed means to come from or originate from something, use gikan. If it means to act in a certain way, molihok or buhaton may fit depending on context.

proceed, continue, go on
Example 1

Mopadayon ta sa atong plano.

We will proceed with our plan.

Example 2

Padayon lang bisan lisod.

Keep going even if it is hard.

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Bisaya · Cebuano · Vocabulary

Libre

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English

free; free of charge; no-costadjective

Alternative meanings

free; free of charge; no-cost; without payment; complimentary

Pronunciation

LIB-reh

Root and affixes

Loanword from Spanish libre. For the specific meaning of without payment, walay bayad is a very clear and natural expression.

Variants or conjugations

free of charge; gratis; free; just free

Related words and expressions

payment; price; money; free; service

Meaning and usage notes

Libre can also mean free in the sense of not imprisoned or unrestricted. For free of charge, use libre or walay bayad depending on context.

free, free of charge, no-cost
Example 1

Libre ang entrada karon.

Admission is free today.

Example 2

Walay bayad ang serbisyo.

The service is free of charge.

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Bisaya · Cebuano · Vocabulary

Sumpay

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English

to connect; to join; connectionverb / noun

Alternative meanings

to connect; to join; to link; to attach; to add a part; continuation; connection or link between things, ideas, or people

Pronunciation

SOOM-pie

Root and affixes

Root sumpay, connection, joining, or continuation. Common forms: isumpay, connect something; sumpayon, will be connected or joined; sumpay-sumpay, interconnect or link in series.

Variants or conjugations

sumpay; isumpay; sumpayon; sumpay-sumpay; pagsumpay; konekta; konektar; dugtong; idugtong

Related words and expressions

dugtong = to join or add; idugtong = to connect or attach; konekta = modern or technical connection; link = link; kauban = companion; komunikar = communicate

Meaning and usage notes

Sumpay works well for physically connecting, linking ideas, or continuing something. In technology or networking, konekta/konektar is also heard. For emotional or social connection, makig-uban, makigkomunikar, or connect may fit depending on context.

connectconnectioncontinuationjoinlinktechnology
Example 1

Isumpay ang cable sa kompyuter.

Connect the cable to the computer.

Example 2

Ang istorya adunay sumpay sa miaging bahin.

The story has a connection to the previous part.

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Bisaya · Cebuano · Vocabulary

Yanong

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English

simply; plainly; merelyadverb

Alternative meanings

simply; plainly; in a simple way; without complication; just or merely depending on context

Pronunciation

YAH-nohng

Root and affixes

From yano, simple or plain, with -ng linking it as a modifier: yanong paagi, simple way. To limit a phrase as simply/just, lang, ra, or lamang are used.

Variants or conjugations

yanong; yano; sa yano; lang; ra; lamang; yano nga

Related words and expressions

yano = simple or plain; kayano = simplicity; lang = just or simply; ra = only or just; lamang = only or merely; sayon = easy

Meaning and usage notes

Use yanong when simply means in a simple or plain way. Use lang, ra, or lamang when simply means just, only, nothing more, or merely.

adverbjustmerelyplainlysimplesimply
Example 1

Yanong gisulti niya ang tinuod.

He or she simply told the truth.

Example 2

Gusto lang ko motabang.

I simply want to help.

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Bisaya · Cebuano · Vocabulary

Tapad

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English

beside; next to; adjacentadjective / adverb / noun

Alternative meanings

beside; next to; side by side; adjacent; close to; placed beside something or someone

Pronunciation

TAH-pahd

Root and affixes

Root tapad, related to being beside something or placing things side by side. It can be used as a location: tapad sa, next to; and as an action: itapad, to place beside.

Variants or conjugations

tapad; tapad sa; itapad; magtapad; nagtupad; katapad; kilid; uban; kuyog

Related words and expressions

kilid = side; uban = with or together with; kuyog = accompany or go with; duol = near; tupad = related form; kauban = companion

Meaning and usage notes

Tapad is best for junto as next to or beside. If junto means together with someone, uban or kuyog is more common. If it means joined or combined, pag-uban or paghiusa may fit depending on the sentence.

adjacentbesidelocationnearnext toside by side
Example 1

Naglingkod siya tapad nako.

He or she sat next to me.

Example 2

Ibutang ang libro tapad sa telepono.

Put the book next to the phone.

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Bisaya · Cebuano · Vocabulary

Usab

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English

likewise; also; tooadverb

Alternative meanings

likewise; also; too; in the same way; furthermore; again depending on context

Pronunciation

OO-sahb

Root and affixes

Usab works as an adverb or particle. It can indicate addition, like also or likewise, or repetition, like again.

Variants or conjugations

sab; sad; pod; pud; sa ingon usab; pareho usab

Related words and expressions

same; similar; again; additional; still

Meaning and usage notes

Usab is more formal or neutral. In everyday speech, sad, sab, pod, or pud are also used for also or too. As a reply to a wish, ikaw usab or pareho usab can be used depending on tone.

likewise, also, too
Example 1

Malipayong adlaw kanimo. Ikaw usab.

Have a good day. Likewise.

Example 2

Si Ana miapil, ug si Ben usab.

Ana joined, and Ben did too.

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Bisaya · Cebuano · Vocabulary

Human

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English

to finalize; to finish; to end; to complete; finished; afterverb / adjective / time connector

Pronunciation

hoo-MAHN

Root and affixes

Root: human. Common forms: mahuman = will be finished or can be finished; nahuman = finished or is finished; humanon = to finalize or finish something; humana = already finished; pagkahuman = after finishing or conclusion.

Meaning and usage notes

Human is very useful for finalizing or finishing something. Humanon is better when an object will be finished: humanon ang trabaho. For “to end up as” a result, mosangpot may be more precise. For “complete,” kompleto or hingpit may fit better.

aftercompleteconcludeendfinalfinalizefinishverb
Example 1

Humanon nato kini karon.

We will finish this today.

Example 2

Nahuman na ang miting.

The meeting has already ended.

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Bisaya · Cebuano · Vocabulary

tuo

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English

right; right sidenoun / place adjective

Alternative meanings

The right side or direction toward the right.

Pronunciation

TOO-oh

Root and affixes

Tuo indicates the right side. In phrases it appears as tuo nga kilid, right side.

Variants or conjugations

tuo; right side; on the right

Related words and expressions

left; side; front; back; direction

Meaning and usage notes

Tuo can also appear as to believe depending on context, but for direction it means right or right side.

directionlocationnounrightright side
Example 1

Ibutang kini sa tuo nga kilid.

Put this on the right side.

Example 2

Moliko ka sa tuo.

Turn right.

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