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Vocabulary category: Qualities & Descriptions

Adjectives and words that describe people, objects, and situations.

Bisaya · Cebuano · Vocabulary

Banikanhon

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English

rural; pastoral; countryside-relatedadjective

Pronunciation

bah-nee-KAHN-hon

Root and affixes

From banika, related to dry field, rural region, or cultivated land. Banikanhon describes something rural, country-like, or pastoral.

Meaning and usage notes

Use banikanhon for rural or countryside-related. If you mean “from the countryside” more casually, phrases with sa bukid, sa uma, or sa probinsya may sound more natural depending on context.

agriculturecountrycountrysidepastoralprovinceruralrural arearural life
Example 1

Banikanhon ang kinabuhi sa ilang lugar.

Life in their place is rural.

Example 2

Ganahan siya sa banikanhong palibot.

He or she likes the rural surroundings.

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Bisaya · Cebuano · Vocabulary

May kalabutan

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English

related / related toadjective and phrase

Alternative meanings

related; related to; connected; linked; relevant; having a relation or bearing

Pronunciation

mai kah-lah-BOO-tahn

Root and affixes

The base is kalabutan, relation, relevance, or connection. May kalabutan literally expresses that something has a relation. Nalangkit can also mean linked or involved, especially when someone or something is connected to an issue.

Variants or conjugations

may kalabutan; adunay kalabutan; kalabutan; nalangkit; may labot; konektado

Related words and expressions

kalabutan = relation or relevance; labot = inclusion or involvement; nalangkit = linked or involved; koneksyon = connection; relasyon = relation; bahin = part or about

Meaning and usage notes

May kalabutan is very useful for saying related to a topic or situation. To mean a relative or someone related by blood, use paryente or kaliwat. For involved in a problem, nalangkit may be more precise.

bearingconnectedlinkedrelatedrelated torelevant
Example 1

May kalabutan kini sa atong proyekto.

This is related to our project.

Example 2

Ang pangutana may kalabutan sa imong trabaho.

The question is related to your work.

Found an error?

Bisaya · Cebuano · Vocabulary

Hagit

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English

challenge / darenoun and verb

Alternative meanings

challenge; dare; difficult test; invitation to compete; provocation; to challenge or dare

Pronunciation

HAH-git

Root and affixes

Hagit can work as a noun, challenge or dare, and as a verb, to challenge or dare. Mahagiton means challenging, defiant, or provocative. Gihagit indicates that someone was challenged or dared.

Variants or conjugations

hagit; gihagit; mohagit; manghagit; hagiton; mahagiton; paghagit

Related words and expressions

sulay = test or try; kalisod = difficulty; kompetisyon = competition; kaisog = courage; kusog = strength; tumong = goal

Meaning and usage notes

Hagit can be positive, like a motivating challenge, or stronger, like a dare or provocation. For a personal or motivational challenge, hagit fits well. For an academic test or exam, sulay may be more natural.

challengecompetitiondaremotivationprovocationtest
Example 1

Dako nga hagit ang pagkat-on og bag-ong pinulongan.

Learning a new language is a big challenge.

Example 2

Gihagit niya ko nga modagan og lima ka kilometro.

They challenged me to run five kilometers.

Found an error?

Bisaya · Cebuano · Vocabulary

Kasagaran

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English

normal; usual; common; usuallyadjective / adverb

Alternative meanings

normal; usual; common; regular; generally; normally; most

Pronunciation

kah-sah-GAH-rahn

Root and affixes

From the root sagad, common or usual, with ka- -an forming kasagaran, what is common, usual, or normal.

Variants or conjugations

sagad; sa kasagaran; kasarangan; ordinaryo; normal

Related words and expressions

customary; often; usual; common; regular

Meaning and usage notes

Kasagaran is useful for normal in the sense of usual or common. For medical or technical normal, the loanword normal may also appear depending on context.

normal, usual, common
Example 1

Kasagaran ra na nga kahimtang.

That is a normal situation.

Example 2

Sa kasagaran, sayo siya moabot.

Usually, he or she arrives early.

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Bisaya · Cebuano · Vocabulary

Daghan

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English

multiple; numerous; manyadjective / quantifier

Pronunciation

DAHG-hahn

Root and affixes

Root: daghan. From this root come forms such as gidaghanon, quantity, kadaghanan, majority, daghanan, plural, and nidaghan, increased or became more numerous.

Meaning and usage notes

Use daghan when “multiple” means many, several, or numerous. If you mean “various” or “of different kinds,” lain-lain may be more exact. In math or technical contexts, the loanword multiple may also appear.

abundantlarge amountmanymuchmultiplenumerousplentyseveral
Example 1

Daghan ang tawo sa merkado.

There are many people at the market.

Example 2

Adunay daghang rason nganong importante kini.

There are multiple reasons why this is important.

Found an error?

Bisaya · Cebuano · Vocabulary

Siyudadnon

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English

urban; city-relatedadjective

Alternative meanings

urban; city-related; related to the city; characteristic of city life

Pronunciation

see-yoo-DAHD-non

Root and affixes

From siyudad, city, with the suffix -non, which can indicate origin, relation, or characteristic: siyudadnon, urban or city-related.

Variants or conjugations

syudadnon; siyudad; syudad; dakbayanon

Related words and expressions

city; urban area; town; place; community

Meaning and usage notes

Siyudadnon describes something or someone related to the city. For the noun city, use siyudad or dakbayan.

urban, city, places
Example 1

Siyudadnon ang estilo sa iyang kinabuhi.

His or her lifestyle is urban.

Example 2

Daghan ang siyudadnon nga lugar dinhi.

There are many urban places here.

Found an error?

Bisaya · Cebuano · Vocabulary

Demokratiko

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English

democraticadjective

Alternative meanings

democratic
based on democracy
participatory
by popular election
egalitarian
related to the people
opposed to authoritarianism

Pronunciation

deh-moh-KRAH-tee-koh

Root and affixes

Demokratiko is a loanword from Spanish democratico. It is related to demokrasya, meaning democracy, and demokrata, democrat.

Variants or conjugations

demokratiko = democratic
demokratikong = democratic used before a noun
demokrasya = democracy
demokrata = democrat
demokratisasyon = democratization
makatawhanon = humanitarian / people-oriented, depending on context

Related words and expressions

demokrasya = democracy
gobyerno = government
botar = to vote
pili = to choose / select
katawhan = people
katungod = right
kagawasan = freedom

Meaning and usage notes

Use demokratiko to describe democratic systems, governments, processes, or ideas. For democracy as a noun, use demokrasya.

democracydemocraticequalitygovernmentpeoplepoliticsvote
Example 1

Importante ang demokratiko nga proseso.

The democratic process is important.

Example 2

Nagpili sila pinaagi sa demokratikong pamaagi.

They chose through a democratic method.

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Bisaya · Cebuano · Vocabulary

Negatibo

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English

negativeadjective and noun

Alternative meanings

negative; not positive; unfavorable; involving denial; less than zero; negative result; pessimistic attitude

Pronunciation

neh-gah-TEE-boh

Root and affixes

Negatibo is a loanword used in Cebuano for negative. It is related to positibo, positive, and to negation forms such as dili, wala, and walay, although those words work differently in grammar.

Variants or conjugations

negatibo; negatib; negative; dili positibo; minus

Related words and expressions

positibo = positive; dili = not or is not; wala = none or did not; walay = without or does not have; minus = minus; resulta = result

Meaning and usage notes

Negatibo can be used as an adjective or noun. In medical results it can mean something was not detected. In mathematics it can mean less than zero. To negate a sentence, Cebuano normally uses dili, wala, or walay, not negatibo.

minusnegativenegative resultnot positivepessimisticunfavorable
Example 1

Negatibo ang resulta sa iyang test.

The result of the test was negative.

Example 2

Ayaw kaayo og negatibo nga hunahuna.

Do not have such negative thoughts.

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Bisaya · Cebuano · Vocabulary

Kahadlok

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English

fear / frightnoun

Alternative meanings

fear
dread
fright
scare
terror
phobia
anxiety about danger
intense worry

Pronunciation

kah-HAHD-lok

Root and affixes

Kahadlok comes from the root hadlok. Hadlok can mean to fear, to scare, or scary; kahadlok names fear as an emotion.

Variants or conjugations

kahadlok = fear / dread / fright
hadlok = to fear / to scare / scary
nahadlok = got scared / was afraid
mahadlok = will be afraid / may get scared
ikahadlok = to fear something
makahadlok = frightening / scary
walay kahadlok = fearless / without fear

Related words and expressions

kuyaw = dreadful / dangerous / scary
kakuyaw = fear / fright / panic
peligro = danger
delikado = dangerous
kabalaka = worry
kaisog = courage

Meaning and usage notes

Use kahadlok for fear as an emotion. Use hadlok or nahadlok to say to be afraid or scared. For real danger, peligro or delikado may fit better.

anxietydreademotionfearfrightphobiaterror
Example 1

Dako ang iyang kahadlok sa kangitngit.

He/She has a great fear of the dark.

Example 2

Ayaw kahadlok, naa ra ko diri.

Do not be afraid, I am here.

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Bisaya · Cebuano · Vocabulary

Makaiikag

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English

to interest / interestingverb / adjective

Alternative meanings

to interest
to be interesting
to arouse interest
to attract attention
to spark curiosity
to catch attention
to be appealing

Pronunciation

mah-kah-ee-EE-kag

Root and affixes

Makaiikag is related to ikag, interest or attraction. It is used for something that can catch attention or arouse interest.

Variants or conjugations

makaiikag = interesting / something that interests
naikag = interested / intrigued
ikag = interest / attraction
interesante = interesting, Spanish loanword
ganahan = to like / to want / to be interested depending on context
intiris = financial interest or interest, modern loanword

Related words and expressions

ganahan = to like / to want
gusto = liking / want
pangutana = to ask
hibalo = to know
kuryoso = curious
hunahuna = thought / idea

Meaning and usage notes

Use makaiikag when something interests or catches attention. If you mean I am interested as I like it or want to do it, ganahan ko can often sound more natural.

appealingattentioncuriosityinterestinterestedinterestinglike
Example 1

Makaiikag kaayo ang imong istorya.

Your story is very interesting.

Example 2

Naikag ko sa imong plano.

I became interested in your plan.

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Bisaya · Cebuano · Vocabulary

Independente

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English

independent; autonomous; self-employedadjective / noun

Alternative meanings

independent
autonomous
free from external control
acting on one’s own
self-employed or freelance worker, depending on context
unaffiliated
separate or distinct
self-governing, in politics

Pronunciation

in-deh-pen-DEN-teh

Root and affixes

Independente is a loanword used for independent. For independence as a state or condition, kaugalingnan or kagawasan may be used depending on context.

Variants or conjugations

independente = independent / autonomous
independiyente = possible variant influenced by English or Spanish
trabahante nga independente = independent or self-employed worker
freelance = freelance, modern loanword
self-employed = self-employed worker, English loan in work contexts
indipindinsiya = independence
kaugalingnan = independence / autonomy
gawasnon = free / independent

Related words and expressions

kaugalingnan = independence / autonomy
kagawasan = freedom / independence
gawasnon = free
libre = free
trabaho = work / job
trabahante = worker
negosyo = business
federal = federal

Meaning and usage notes

Use independente for autonomous or independent in personal, work, political, organizational, or technical contexts. For a self-employed worker, trabahante nga independente, freelance, or self-employed can be used depending on modern context. If you mean autonomy as a noun, kaugalingnan or awtonomiya may appear depending on register.

autonomousfreefreelancefreelancerindependentpoliticsself-employedwork
Example 1

Independente siya nga trabahante.

He or she is an independent or self-employed worker.

Example 2

Independente nga rehiyon ang ilang gipangandoy.

They desire an autonomous region.

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Bisaya · Cebuano · Vocabulary

Bulawan

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English

gold / goldennoun / adjective

Alternative meanings

gold
golden
precious metal
gold jewelry
something valuable
something precious
gold color

Pronunciation

boo-LAH-wahn

Root and affixes

Bulawan is the main word for gold. From this root comes bulawanon, meaning golden, noble, or gold-colored.

Variants or conjugations

bulawan = gold / golden / jewel
bulawanon = golden / noble / valuable
bulaw = golden / bronze-colored
oro = gold, Spanish loanword in some contexts
de bulawan = made of gold

Related words and expressions

alahas = jewelry
kwarta = money
bili = value
mahal = expensive / dear
puthaw = metal / iron
mina = mine

Meaning and usage notes

Use bulawan for gold as a material or precious metal. Oro may also be understood as a loanword, but bulawan is the more native Cebuano/Bisaya form.

goldgoldenjewelrymetalpreciousvaluewealth
Example 1

Bulawan ang iyang singsing.

His or her ring is made of gold.

Example 2

Mahal kaayo ang bulawan karon.

Gold is very expensive now.

Found an error?