Vocabulario – Page 36

Bisaya · Cebuano · Vocabulary

Pangatarungan

English

justify; explain in defense; justificationverb / noun

Alternative meanings: justify; give reasons; defend with arguments; explain in defense; justification; defensive argument
Pronunciation: pah-ngah-tah-ROO-ngahn
Root and affixes: From tarung, right or proper, and katarungan, reason or justice. Pangatarungan expresses explaining or defending something by giving reasons.
Variants or conjugations: ikatarungan; katarungan; rason; mangatarungan; pangatarong; pasabot
Related words and expressions: reason; justice; right; explanation; argument
Meaning and usage notes: Pangatarungan works for justifying an action or defending a position. Rason is reason or excuse; ikatarungan can mean to give something as a justification.

justify, reason, argument

Example 1

Kinahanglan niya pangatarungan ang iyang desisyon.

He or she needs to justify the decision.

Example 2

Wala siyay maayong rason nga ikatarungan.

He or she has no good reason to justify it.

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Bisaya · Cebuano · Vocabulary

Delikado

Actions & States Basic Vocabulary Body & Health Ideas & Abstract Concepts Qualities & Descriptions Society & Community

English

dangerous / riskyadjective / adverb

Alternative meanings: dangerous
risky
delicate
critical
unsafe
fragile
likely to cause harm
involving danger
Pronunciation: deh-lee-KAH-doh
Root and affixes: Delikado comes from Spanish delicado. In modern Cebuano it is widely used for dangerous, risky, critical, or delicate, depending on context.
Variants or conjugations: delikado = dangerous / risky / delicate
delikado nga = dangerous as a modifier before a noun
mas delikado = more dangerous
pinakadelikado = most dangerous
delikado kaayo = very dangerous
madilikado = to become dangerous, possible variant
peligroso = dangerous, less common direct loanword
peligro = danger / risk
Related words and expressions: peligro = danger / risk
kuyaw = scary / dreadful / dangerous
makuyaw = risky / frightening
risgo = risk
aksidente = accident
samad = injury / wound
seguridad = safety / security
Meaning and usage notes: Use delikado to say something is dangerous, risky, or critical. Use peligro if you mean danger as a noun. Kuyaw can sound more emotional, like something scary or dangerous-looking.

accidentcriticaldangerdangerousdelicateriskyunsafe

Example 1

Delikado ang dalan kung kusog ang ulan.

The road is dangerous when it rains hard.

Example 2

Ayaw hilabti kana, delikado na.

Do not touch that, it is dangerous.

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Bisaya · Cebuano · Vocabulary

Limitahan

Actions & States Basic Vocabulary Government, Politics & Law Ideas & Abstract Concepts

English

to limit; to restrictverb

Pronunciation: lee-mee-TAH-han
Root and affixes: Comes from limite/limit, with the verbal form -han. Limitahan means to put a limit or restriction on something. Pugngan can be used for restraining, preventing, or stopping.
Meaning and usage notes: Use limitahan for limiting or restricting in general. If the meaning is to stop, prevent, or restrain an action, pugngan may sound stronger and more natural. For the noun limit or boundary, use utlanan.

controllimitregulaterestrainrestrictrestrictionscopeverb

Example 1

Limitahan nato ang oras sa paggamit sa telepono.

Let us limit the time spent using the phone.

Example 2

Gipugngan nila ang pagsulod sa lugar.

They restricted or prevented entry to the place.

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Bisaya · Cebuano · Vocabulary

kalasangan

Basic Vocabulary Nature & Weather Places & Geography

English

forest; woods; woodlandnoun

Alternative meanings: A natural place with many trees, plants, and wildlife.
Pronunciation: kah-lah-SAHNG-ahn
Root and affixes: Related to lasang, forest or wild area. Kalasangan names a forested area.
Variants or conjugations: kalasangan; lasang; wooded area
Related words and expressions: tree; plant; nature; animal; mountain
Meaning and usage notes: Kalasangan is a natural form for forest or woods. Lasang is also used for forest, woods, or wild area.

forestnaturenounplacetreeswoods

Example 1

Daghan og kahoy sa kalasangan.

There are many trees in the forest.

Example 2

Nagdula ang mga bata duol sa lasang.

The children played near the woods.

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Bisaya · Cebuano · Vocabulary

Inisyal

Basic Vocabulary Education & Learning Qualities & Descriptions Time & Calendar

English

initialadjective / noun

Pronunciation: ee-nees-YAHL
Root and affixes: Adapted loanword from initial/inicial. Inisyal is used for something at the beginning or for the initial letters of a name.
Meaning and usage notes: Use inisyal when you mean initial as an adjective or an initial letter. For “beginning” as the start of something, sinugdanan is usually better. For “principal” or “primary,” panguna may sound more natural.

basicbeginningearlyfirstinitialinitial letterstagestart

Example 1

Unsa ang imong inisyal?

What is your initial?

Example 2

Sa inisyal nga yugto, simple pa ang proseso.

In the initial stage, the process is still simple.

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Bisaya · Cebuano · Vocabulary

Barayti

Basic Vocabulary Food & Drink Ideas & Abstract Concepts Numbers & Quantities Qualities & Descriptions

English

varietynoun

Alternative meanings: variety
type
kind
option
variant
diversity
assortment
set of different things
Pronunciation: bah-RAY-tee
Root and affixes: Barayti is a loanword from English variety. To say various or diverse more naturally, use lain-lain; for difference or diversity, kalainan can be used.
Variants or conjugations: barayti = variety / type / kind
lain-lain = various / diverse / different
kalain-lain = diversity / variety / difference, depending on context
kalainan = difference / contrast
matang = type / kind / species
klase = class / type
sari-sari = assorted / varied
Related words and expressions: lain = different / another
lain-lain = various / diverse
matang = type / kind
klase = class
pilianan = options
diversidad = diversity
sagol = mixture
Meaning and usage notes: Use barayti when you mean variety as a category, type, or assortment. Use lain-lain when you mean various or different. Use matang or klase if the main idea is type or kind.

assortmentdifferentdiversitykindoptionstypevariety

Example 1

Daghan og barayti sa prutas sa merkado.

There is a wide variety of fruits in the market.

Example 2

Lain-lain ang ilang gipili nga pagkaon.

They chose different kinds of food.

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Bisaya · Cebuano · Vocabulary

institusyonal

Basic Vocabulary Government, Politics & Law Society & Community Work & Professions

English

institutional; institution-relatedadjective

Alternative meanings: Related to an institution, organization, official entity, or established structure.
Pronunciation: ins-tee-too-SYOH-nal
Root and affixes: Borrowed/adapted from institucional/institutional. Related to institusyon, institution.
Variants or conjugations: institutional; institution; official; organizational
Related words and expressions: institution; organization; government; office; policy
Meaning and usage notes: Used for policies, rules, support, image, or communication from an institution or organization.

adjectivegovernmentinstitutioninstitutionalofficialorganization

Example 1

Kinahanglan ang institusyonal nga suporta.

Institutional support is needed.

Example 2

Nagpagawas sila og institusyonal nga pahibalo.

They issued an institutional announcement.

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Bisaya · Cebuano · Vocabulary

Sa gawas

Basic Vocabulary Ideas & Abstract Concepts Qualities & Descriptions

English

external; outside; exterioradjective / adverb / place phrase

Alternative meanings: external; exterior; outside; from outside; located on or related to the outside part; outside a system or group
Pronunciation: sah GAH-wahs
Root and affixes: Formed with sa, a location or relation marker, and gawas, outside, exterior, or to go out. As an adjective, it often works inside a phrase: butang sa gawas, problema sa gawas, tawo sa gawas.
Variants or conjugations: sa gawas; gawas; gawasnon; panggawas; gikan sa gawas; gawas nga
Related words and expressions: gawas = outside or exterior; sulod = inside or interior; gawasnon = free or external depending on context; panggawas = for outside or exterior; langyaw = foreign
Meaning and usage notes: For external in a general sense, sa gawas is clear and natural. In technical contexts, external may be used as a loanword, but sa gawas sounds more common. If external means foreign or international, langyaw may fit depending on the sentence.

exteriorexternallocationouteroutsideoutside of

Example 1

Ang pultahan sa gawas bukas.

The outside door is open.

Example 2

Kinahanglan nato og tabang gikan sa gawas.

We need external help.

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Bisaya · Cebuano · Vocabulary

Batan-on

People & Relationships Qualities & Descriptions Society & Community

English

juvenile; young; youthfuladjective / noun

Alternative meanings: juvenile; young; youthful; related to youth; young person; fresh or youthfully energetic
Pronunciation: bah-tahn-ON
Root and affixes: From bata, child or young person, with the suffix -n-on forming batan-on, young or youthful.
Variants or conjugations: batan-ong; kabatan-onan; bata; mas batan-on; pinakabatan-on
Related words and expressions: child; youth; age; generation; student
Meaning and usage notes: Batan-on is an adjective for young or youthful. Before a noun it usually takes a linker: batan-ong grupo, youth group. Kabatan-onan means youth or young people collectively.

juvenile, young, youthful

Example 1

Batan-ong grupo ang miapil sa programa.

A youth group joined the program.

Example 2

Batan-on pa siya apan responsable.

He or she is still young but responsible.

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Bisaya · Cebuano · Vocabulary

esensyal

Basic Vocabulary Ideas & Abstract Concepts Qualities & Descriptions

English

essential; fundamental; necessaryadjective

Alternative meanings: Very important, basic, or necessary for something.
Pronunciation: eh-SEN-shal
Root and affixes: Borrowed/adapted from esencial/essential. It can also be expressed with importante, mahinungdanon, or gikinahanglan depending on context.
Variants or conjugations: essential; important; significant; necessary
Related words and expressions: important; need; foundation; basis; main
Meaning and usage notes: Esensyal works well in modern, technical, or educational contexts. Mahinungdanon sounds more native for important/significant; gikinahanglan for necessary.

adjectivebasicessentialfundamentalimportantnecessary

Example 1

Esensyal ang tubig sa kinabuhi.

Water is essential for life.

Example 2

Gikinahanglan ang disiplina sa pagtuon.

Discipline is necessary for studying.

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Bisaya · Cebuano · Vocabulary

Payl

Basic Vocabulary Education & Learning Home & Objects Technology & Information Work & Professions

English

file / archivenoun / related verb

Alternative meanings: file
archive
saved document
digital file
case file
data file
stored record
to file
Pronunciation: FILE
Root and affixes: Payl is a loanword from English file. In modern Cebuano it is especially used for digital files or saved documents.
Variants or conjugations: payl = file / archive / case file
payil = to file / put in a file, also pile depending on context
arkibo = archive / historical records / archives
dokumento = document
file = file, modern English form
irekord = register / record
ilista = list / register
Related words and expressions: dokumento = document
arkibo = archive / historical records
rekord = record / to record
lista = list / write down
kompyuter = computer
data = data
folder = folder
Meaning and usage notes: Use payl for a digital file or saved document. Use arkibo if you mean a historical archive, institution, repository, or collection of old documents.

archivecase filedatadigitaldocumentfilefiling

Example 1

I-save ang payl sa imong kompyuter.

Save the file on your computer.

Example 2

Naa sa arkibo ang karaang dokumento.

The old document is in the archive.

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Bisaya · Cebuano · Vocabulary

mangilabot

Actions & States Basic Vocabulary Society & Community

English

to intervene; to interfere; to get involvedverb

Alternative meanings: To enter or act in a matter, situation, or conflict; sometimes with the sense of interfering where one should not.
Pronunciation: mah-ngee-LAH-bot
Root and affixes: Related to hilabot/ilabot, to touch or get involved in something. Mangilabot expresses intervening or interfering.
Variants or conjugations: interfere; take part; join; intervene; meddle
Related words and expressions: join; help; conflict; problem; decision
Meaning and usage notes: Mangilabot can sound negative, like interfering or meddling. If intervenir means to participate neutrally, moapil may sound more natural.

get involvedinterfereinterveneparticipatesocietyverb

Example 1

Ayaw pangilabot sa ilang problema.

Do not interfere in their problem.

Example 2

Kinahanglan moapil ang lider sa panaghisgot.

The leader needs to take part in the discussion.

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