Basic Vocabulary – Page 36

Bisaya · Cebuano · Vocabulary

mamatay

English

to die; to pass awayverb

Alternative meanings: To stop living. Used to talk about the death of a person, animal, or living being.
Pronunciation: mah-MAH-tie
Root and affixes: Related to patay, meaning dead or to die. Ma- forms an action or state related to dying.
Variants or conjugations: mamatay; namatay; patay
Related words and expressions: patay = dead; kamatayon = death; lubong = burial
Meaning and usage notes: “Mamatay” means to die or pass away. For a more respectful tone, “namatay na” may be used depending on the sentence and context.

deathdiepass awayverb

Example 1

Namatay siya kagahapon.

He/She passed away yesterday.

Example 2

Lisod dawaton kung mamatay ang minahal.

It is hard to accept when a loved one passes away.

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Bisaya · Cebuano · Vocabulary

Armado

Actions & States Basic Vocabulary Government, Politics & Law Society & Community

English

armed / assembledadjective / participle

Alternative meanings: armed
carrying weapons
equipped with weapons
prepared with tools or resources
assembled, depending on context
Pronunciation: ahr-MAH-doh
Root and affixes: Borrowed from Spanish “armado.” In Cebuano it can be understood as someone carrying weapons or being equipped. For the sense of assembled, forms like giasembol or gitigom are clearer depending on the object.
Variants or conjugations: armado = armed / carrying weapons
armadong = armed before a noun
armadong panagsangka = armed conflict
armas = arms / weaponry
hinagiban = weapon
giasembol = assembled
gitigom = put together / gathered parts
Related words and expressions: hinagiban = weapon
armas = arms / weaponry
pusil = firearm / gun
gubat = war
panagsangka = conflict / clash
giasembol = assembled
tukod = build / establish
Meaning and usage notes: Use armado for armed with weapons or equipped. For “assembled” as in assembled furniture, machine, or parts, giasembol or gitigom may be clearer depending on context.

armedarmed conflictassembledequippedmountedweaponswith weapons

Example 1

Armado ang mga guwardiya sa entrada.

The guards at the entrance are armed.

Example 2

Giasembol na ang bag-ong lamesa.

The new table is already assembled.

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Bisaya · Cebuano · Vocabulary

Adunay

Actions & States Basic Vocabulary Connectors & Function Words Economy & Business Ideas & Abstract Concepts

English

to possess / to haveverb / existential

Alternative meanings: to possess
to have
there is / there are
to exist
to have something available
to be provided with something
has / exists, depending on context
Pronunciation: ah-DOO-nai
Root and affixes: Adunay works as an existential or possession form. In conversation, naa or naa y is also commonly used to express have, there is, or exist.
Variants or conjugations: adunay = has / possesses / there is
aduna = have / there is, related form
naa = there is / is there / has, common conversational form
naa y = there is / has
may = there is / have, depending on context
tag-iya = owner / proprietor / possessor
Related words and expressions: naa = there is / have / be located
tag-iya = owner / proprietor
iya = his or hers
akoa = mine
imo = yours
ilaha = theirs
Meaning and usage notes: Use adunay for possess or have in a clearer or more formal register. In everyday conversation, naa or naa y often sounds more natural. For possess in the sense of being a legal owner or proprietor, use tag-iya or expressions with tag-iya.

existhaveownerpossessPropertythere isverb

Example 1

Adunay siya balay sa siyudad.

He or she owns or has a house in the city.

Example 2

Naa koy libro sa akong bag.

I have a book in my bag.

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Bisaya · Cebuano · Vocabulary

Determinado

Basic Vocabulary Ideas & Abstract Concepts Qualities & Descriptions

English

determinedadjective

Alternative meanings: determined; resolute; firm; decided; with determination; set or defined, depending on context
Pronunciation: deh-ter-mee-NAH-doh
Root and affixes: Loanword from Spanish determinado. It is also related to desidido, decided, and determinasyon, determination. For “determined” meaning “specific,” tino or piho may fit better depending on context.
Variants or conjugations: determinado; determinadong; nga determinado; desidido; determinado kaayo; determinasyon
Related words and expressions: desidido = decided; lig-on = firm or strong; tin-aw = clear; piho = specific or certain; tino = defined; determinasyon = determination
Meaning and usage notes: Determinado can describe a person who is determined or a thing that is defined/set. For a strong-willed person, determinado or desidido work well. For “a determined/specific place,” piho or tino may be better.

decideddeterminationdeterminedfirmresolutespecific

Example 1

Determinado siya nga makab-ot ang iyang tumong.

He/She is determined to reach the goal.

Example 2

Kinahanglan nato og piho nga oras.

We need a specific time.

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Bisaya · Cebuano · Vocabulary

Distansiya

Basic Vocabulary Numbers & Quantities Places & Geography Travel & Transportation

English

distance; separation; remotenessnoun

Alternative meanings: Distance; the space between two points, people, places, or objects. It can also refer to emotional, social, or temporal separation.
Pronunciation: dis-TAHN-see-yah
Root and affixes: A loanword adapted from Spanish distancia. In Cebuano it is also related to layo, far, and gilay-on, distance or length.
Variants or conjugations: distansya = spelling variant; gilay-on = distance or length; layo = far; layo-layo = farther
Related words and expressions: far, distance, near, apart, faraway
Meaning and usage notes: Use distansiya for physical, emotional, or temporal distance. To say “far,” use layo; for “near,” use duol.

distancefarlengthseparationspace

Example 1

Dako ang distansiya tali sa duha ka siyudad.

The distance between the two cities is great.

Example 2

Nibati ko og distansiya tali namo.

I felt a distance between us.

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Bisaya · Cebuano · Vocabulary

sukdanan

Basic Vocabulary Education & Learning Ideas & Abstract Concepts

English

criterion; standard; measurenoun

Alternative meanings: A rule, basis, or measure used to evaluate, decide, or judge something.
Pronunciation: sook-DAH-nahn
Root and affixes: Related to sukod, meaning to measure. Sukdanan can refer to a measure, standard, or criterion.
Variants or conjugations: sukdanan; batayan; kriteriya
Related words and expressions: sukod = to measure / measurement; desisyon = decision; pagtimbang = evaluation / weighing
Meaning and usage notes: “Sukdanan” works well for criterion as a measure or standard. In academic or formal contexts, “kriteriya” may also appear.

criterionevaluationnounstandard

Example 1

Unsa ang sukdanan sa pagpili?

What is the selection criterion?

Example 2

Kinahanglan klaro ang mga sukdanan.

The criteria need to be clear.

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Bisaya · Cebuano · Vocabulary

Ebalwasyon

Basic Vocabulary Education & Learning Home & Objects Ideas & Abstract Concepts

English

evaluation / assessmentnoun

Alternative meanings: evaluation
assessment
rating
grading
performance review
analysis to measure value, level, or result
Pronunciation: eh-bahl-WAH-syon
Root and affixes: Borrowed from Spanish “evaluación,” adapted as ebalwasyon in Cebuano. It is used for valuing, grading, or measuring the result, level, or performance of something or someone.
Variants or conjugations: evaluasyon = spelling variant
ebalwasyon = evaluation
pag-ebalwar = act of evaluating
ebalwar = to evaluate
pagsusi = review / analysis / assessment
pagtimbang-timbang = careful evaluation / weighing options
Related words and expressions: pagsusi = review / examination
pagtimbang-timbang = weighing / evaluation
marka = grade / mark
gradu = grade
resulta = result
pagtuon = study / learning
Meaning and usage notes: Use ebalwasyon for school, work, performance, project, or results evaluation. For general review or inspection, pagsusi may sound more natural. For carefully evaluating or weighing options, pagtimbang-timbang fits well.

analysisassessmentevaluationgradingperformanceratingreviewscore

Example 1

Adunay ebalwasyon sa katapusan sa klase.

There will be an evaluation at the end of the class.

Example 2

Importante ang ebalwasyon sa trabaho.

Evaluation at work is important.

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Bisaya · Cebuano · Vocabulary

droga

Basic Vocabulary Body & Health Society & Community

English

drug; substancenoun

Alternative meanings: A substance that can affect the body, mind, or behavior. It can refer to illegal drugs, controlled substances, or, depending on context, medicines.
Pronunciation: DROH-gah
Root and affixes: Borrowed word used as a noun in health, society, law, and safety contexts.
Variants or conjugations: droga; drug
Related words and expressions: tambal = medicine; bisyo = vice / addiction; balaod = law
Meaning and usage notes: “Droga” is usually used for illegal drugs or controlled substances. For medicine or medication, “tambal” is more appropriate.

drughealthnounsocietysubstance

Example 1

Dili maayo ang paggamit og droga.

Using drugs is not good.

Example 2

Ang droga makadaot sa lawas.

Drugs can harm the body.

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Bisaya · Cebuano · Vocabulary

Ting-init

Basic Vocabulary Nature & Weather Time & Calendar

English

summer / dry seasonnoun

Alternative meanings: summer; dry season; hot season; warm period; season of heat
Pronunciation: ting-EE-neet
Root and affixes: Formed from ting-, which marks time or season, and init, meaning heat or hot. It literally expresses time of heat.
Variants or conjugations: ting-init; tig-init; panahon sa ting-init; init; tag-init
Related words and expressions: init = heat or hot; ting-ulan = rainy season; panahon = weather, time, or season; adlaw = sun or day; ulan = rain
Meaning and usage notes: In everyday Bisaya/Cebuano, ting-init usually refers to the dry or hot period rather than a four-season summer as in temperate countries. It can also be translated as summer.

dry seasonheathot seasonseasonsummerwarm period

Example 1

Init kaayo karong ting-init.

It is very hot this summer.

Example 2

Moadto mi sa dagat sa ting-init.

We will go to the sea in summer.

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Bisaya · Cebuano · Vocabulary

Kailhanan

Basic Vocabulary Ideas & Abstract Concepts People & Relationships Society & Community

English

identity; identification; distinguishing featurenoun

Alternative meanings: Identity; the set of traits, data, or characteristics that allow a person, thing, group, or community to be recognized, distinguished, or defined.
Pronunciation: kah-eel-HAH-nan
Root and affixes: Related to ilhanan, sign or characteristic, and ilhan, to identify. Kailhanan expresses identity or that by which something is recognized.
Variants or conjugations: identidad = identity; pagkatawo = personal identity, personality, or existence; ilhanan = sign or characteristic; pag-ila = recognition or identification
Related words and expressions: personhood, identity, characteristic, recognition, person
Meaning and usage notes: Use kailhanan for identity or identifying traits. For personal identity or sense of who someone is, pagkatawo can also fit. Identidad is understood as a direct loanword.

communityidentificationidentitypersontraits

Example 1

Importante ang kailhanan sa usa ka tawo.

The identity of a person is important.

Example 2

Ang pinulongan kabahin sa kailhanan sa komunidad.

Language is part of the identity of the community.

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Bisaya · Cebuano · Vocabulary

Gayud

Basic Vocabulary Connectors & Function Words Education & Learning Ideas & Abstract Concepts Qualities & Descriptions

English

really / indeedadverb / emphasis particle

Alternative meanings: really
indeed
truly
certainly
in fact
without doubt
very, as emphasis depending on context
Pronunciation: gah-YOOD
Root and affixes: Gayud is an emphasis particle/adverb. The colloquial form gyud is very common in conversation. It usually appears after the word or phrase it intensifies.
Variants or conjugations: gayud = really / certainly / truly
gayod = spelling variant
gyud = very common colloquial form
giyud = colloquial variant
jud = colloquial variant
tinuod gayud = really true / truly
dili gayud = never / absolutely not, depending on context
Related words and expressions: tinuod = true / truth
tukma = exactly / precisely
sakto = correct / exact
mao = that / that is so
kaayo = very
wala gyud = never / not at all
Meaning and usage notes: Use gayud or gyud to strengthen an idea: really, truly, indeed, without doubt. Gayud sounds more formal or written; gyud is more conversational. With negatives like wala or dili, it can create strong meanings such as never or not at all.

adverbcertainlycertaintyemphasisindeedreallytruly

Example 1

Tinuod gayud ang iyang giingon.

What he or she said is really true.

Example 2

Lami gyud kaayo ang pagkaon.

The food is really very delicious.

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Bisaya · Cebuano · Vocabulary

tawagon

Actions & States Basic Vocabulary Society & Community

English

to call; to summon; to conveneverb

Alternative meanings: To call or gather people for an activity, meeting, event, decision, or specific purpose.
Pronunciation: tah-WAH-gohn
Root and affixes: Related to tawag, meaning to call. The -on form indicates an action directed toward someone who will be called or summoned.
Variants or conjugations: tawagon; tawag; magpatawag
Related words and expressions: tawag = call / to call; tigom = meeting; imbitahon = to invite
Meaning and usage notes: “Tawagon” works for calling or summoning someone. For formally calling a meeting, “magpatawag og tigom” may sound more specific.

callmeetingsummonverb

Example 1

Tawagon nila ang mga miyembro.

They will call the members.

Example 2

Magpatawag sila og tigom ugma.

They will call a meeting tomorrow.

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