Vocabulario – Page 59

Bisaya · Cebuano · Vocabulary

Adunay

English

to possess / to haveverb / existential

Alternative meanings: to possess
to have
there is / there are
to exist
to have something available
to be provided with something
has / exists, depending on context
Pronunciation: ah-DOO-nai
Root and affixes: Adunay works as an existential or possession form. In conversation, naa or naa y is also commonly used to express have, there is, or exist.
Variants or conjugations: adunay = has / possesses / there is
aduna = have / there is, related form
naa = there is / is there / has, common conversational form
naa y = there is / has
may = there is / have, depending on context
tag-iya = owner / proprietor / possessor
Related words and expressions: naa = there is / have / be located
tag-iya = owner / proprietor
iya = his or hers
akoa = mine
imo = yours
ilaha = theirs
Meaning and usage notes: Use adunay for possess or have in a clearer or more formal register. In everyday conversation, naa or naa y often sounds more natural. For possess in the sense of being a legal owner or proprietor, use tag-iya or expressions with tag-iya.

existhaveownerpossessPropertythere isverb

Example 1

Adunay siya balay sa siyudad.

He or she owns or has a house in the city.

Example 2

Naa koy libro sa akong bag.

I have a book in my bag.

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Bisaya · Cebuano · Vocabulary

Determinado

Basic Vocabulary Ideas & Abstract Concepts Qualities & Descriptions

English

determinedadjective

Alternative meanings: determined; resolute; firm; decided; with determination; set or defined, depending on context
Pronunciation: deh-ter-mee-NAH-doh
Root and affixes: Loanword from Spanish determinado. It is also related to desidido, decided, and determinasyon, determination. For “determined” meaning “specific,” tino or piho may fit better depending on context.
Variants or conjugations: determinado; determinadong; nga determinado; desidido; determinado kaayo; determinasyon
Related words and expressions: desidido = decided; lig-on = firm or strong; tin-aw = clear; piho = specific or certain; tino = defined; determinasyon = determination
Meaning and usage notes: Determinado can describe a person who is determined or a thing that is defined/set. For a strong-willed person, determinado or desidido work well. For “a determined/specific place,” piho or tino may be better.

decideddeterminationdeterminedfirmresolutespecific

Example 1

Determinado siya nga makab-ot ang iyang tumong.

He/She is determined to reach the goal.

Example 2

Kinahanglan nato og piho nga oras.

We need a specific time.

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Bisaya · Cebuano · Vocabulary

Distansiya

Basic Vocabulary Numbers & Quantities Places & Geography Travel & Transportation

English

distance; separation; remotenessnoun

Alternative meanings: Distance; the space between two points, people, places, or objects. It can also refer to emotional, social, or temporal separation.
Pronunciation: dis-TAHN-see-yah
Root and affixes: A loanword adapted from Spanish distancia. In Cebuano it is also related to layo, far, and gilay-on, distance or length.
Variants or conjugations: distansya = spelling variant; gilay-on = distance or length; layo = far; layo-layo = farther
Related words and expressions: far, distance, near, apart, faraway
Meaning and usage notes: Use distansiya for physical, emotional, or temporal distance. To say “far,” use layo; for “near,” use duol.

distancefarlengthseparationspace

Example 1

Dako ang distansiya tali sa duha ka siyudad.

The distance between the two cities is great.

Example 2

Nibati ko og distansiya tali namo.

I felt a distance between us.

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Bisaya · Cebuano · Vocabulary

sukdanan

Basic Vocabulary Education & Learning Ideas & Abstract Concepts

English

criterion; standard; measurenoun

Alternative meanings: A rule, basis, or measure used to evaluate, decide, or judge something.
Pronunciation: sook-DAH-nahn
Root and affixes: Related to sukod, meaning to measure. Sukdanan can refer to a measure, standard, or criterion.
Variants or conjugations: sukdanan; batayan; kriteriya
Related words and expressions: sukod = to measure / measurement; desisyon = decision; pagtimbang = evaluation / weighing
Meaning and usage notes: “Sukdanan” works well for criterion as a measure or standard. In academic or formal contexts, “kriteriya” may also appear.

criterionevaluationnounstandard

Example 1

Unsa ang sukdanan sa pagpili?

What is the selection criterion?

Example 2

Kinahanglan klaro ang mga sukdanan.

The criteria need to be clear.

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Bisaya · Cebuano · Vocabulary

Ebalwasyon

Basic Vocabulary Education & Learning Home & Objects Ideas & Abstract Concepts

English

evaluation / assessmentnoun

Alternative meanings: evaluation
assessment
rating
grading
performance review
analysis to measure value, level, or result
Pronunciation: eh-bahl-WAH-syon
Root and affixes: Borrowed from Spanish “evaluación,” adapted as ebalwasyon in Cebuano. It is used for valuing, grading, or measuring the result, level, or performance of something or someone.
Variants or conjugations: evaluasyon = spelling variant
ebalwasyon = evaluation
pag-ebalwar = act of evaluating
ebalwar = to evaluate
pagsusi = review / analysis / assessment
pagtimbang-timbang = careful evaluation / weighing options
Related words and expressions: pagsusi = review / examination
pagtimbang-timbang = weighing / evaluation
marka = grade / mark
gradu = grade
resulta = result
pagtuon = study / learning
Meaning and usage notes: Use ebalwasyon for school, work, performance, project, or results evaluation. For general review or inspection, pagsusi may sound more natural. For carefully evaluating or weighing options, pagtimbang-timbang fits well.

analysisassessmentevaluationgradingperformanceratingreviewscore

Example 1

Adunay ebalwasyon sa katapusan sa klase.

There will be an evaluation at the end of the class.

Example 2

Importante ang ebalwasyon sa trabaho.

Evaluation at work is important.

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Bisaya · Cebuano · Vocabulary

droga

Basic Vocabulary Body & Health Society & Community

English

drug; substancenoun

Alternative meanings: A substance that can affect the body, mind, or behavior. It can refer to illegal drugs, controlled substances, or, depending on context, medicines.
Pronunciation: DROH-gah
Root and affixes: Borrowed word used as a noun in health, society, law, and safety contexts.
Variants or conjugations: droga; drug
Related words and expressions: tambal = medicine; bisyo = vice / addiction; balaod = law
Meaning and usage notes: “Droga” is usually used for illegal drugs or controlled substances. For medicine or medication, “tambal” is more appropriate.

drughealthnounsocietysubstance

Example 1

Dili maayo ang paggamit og droga.

Using drugs is not good.

Example 2

Ang droga makadaot sa lawas.

Drugs can harm the body.

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Bisaya · Cebuano · Vocabulary

Ting-init

Basic Vocabulary Nature & Weather Time & Calendar

English

summer / dry seasonnoun

Alternative meanings: summer; dry season; hot season; warm period; season of heat
Pronunciation: ting-EE-neet
Root and affixes: Formed from ting-, which marks time or season, and init, meaning heat or hot. It literally expresses time of heat.
Variants or conjugations: ting-init; tig-init; panahon sa ting-init; init; tag-init
Related words and expressions: init = heat or hot; ting-ulan = rainy season; panahon = weather, time, or season; adlaw = sun or day; ulan = rain
Meaning and usage notes: In everyday Bisaya/Cebuano, ting-init usually refers to the dry or hot period rather than a four-season summer as in temperate countries. It can also be translated as summer.

dry seasonheathot seasonseasonsummerwarm period

Example 1

Init kaayo karong ting-init.

It is very hot this summer.

Example 2

Moadto mi sa dagat sa ting-init.

We will go to the sea in summer.

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Bisaya · Cebuano · Vocabulary

Kailhanan

Basic Vocabulary Ideas & Abstract Concepts People & Relationships Society & Community

English

identity; identification; distinguishing featurenoun

Alternative meanings: Identity; the set of traits, data, or characteristics that allow a person, thing, group, or community to be recognized, distinguished, or defined.
Pronunciation: kah-eel-HAH-nan
Root and affixes: Related to ilhanan, sign or characteristic, and ilhan, to identify. Kailhanan expresses identity or that by which something is recognized.
Variants or conjugations: identidad = identity; pagkatawo = personal identity, personality, or existence; ilhanan = sign or characteristic; pag-ila = recognition or identification
Related words and expressions: personhood, identity, characteristic, recognition, person
Meaning and usage notes: Use kailhanan for identity or identifying traits. For personal identity or sense of who someone is, pagkatawo can also fit. Identidad is understood as a direct loanword.

communityidentificationidentitypersontraits

Example 1

Importante ang kailhanan sa usa ka tawo.

The identity of a person is important.

Example 2

Ang pinulongan kabahin sa kailhanan sa komunidad.

Language is part of the identity of the community.

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Bisaya · Cebuano · Vocabulary

Gayud

Basic Vocabulary Connectors & Function Words Education & Learning Ideas & Abstract Concepts Qualities & Descriptions

English

really / indeedadverb / emphasis particle

Alternative meanings: really
indeed
truly
certainly
in fact
without doubt
very, as emphasis depending on context
Pronunciation: gah-YOOD
Root and affixes: Gayud is an emphasis particle/adverb. The colloquial form gyud is very common in conversation. It usually appears after the word or phrase it intensifies.
Variants or conjugations: gayud = really / certainly / truly
gayod = spelling variant
gyud = very common colloquial form
giyud = colloquial variant
jud = colloquial variant
tinuod gayud = really true / truly
dili gayud = never / absolutely not, depending on context
Related words and expressions: tinuod = true / truth
tukma = exactly / precisely
sakto = correct / exact
mao = that / that is so
kaayo = very
wala gyud = never / not at all
Meaning and usage notes: Use gayud or gyud to strengthen an idea: really, truly, indeed, without doubt. Gayud sounds more formal or written; gyud is more conversational. With negatives like wala or dili, it can create strong meanings such as never or not at all.

adverbcertainlycertaintyemphasisindeedreallytruly

Example 1

Tinuod gayud ang iyang giingon.

What he or she said is really true.

Example 2

Lami gyud kaayo ang pagkaon.

The food is really very delicious.

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Bisaya · Cebuano · Vocabulary

tawagon

Actions & States Basic Vocabulary Society & Community

English

to call; to summon; to conveneverb

Alternative meanings: To call or gather people for an activity, meeting, event, decision, or specific purpose.
Pronunciation: tah-WAH-gohn
Root and affixes: Related to tawag, meaning to call. The -on form indicates an action directed toward someone who will be called or summoned.
Variants or conjugations: tawagon; tawag; magpatawag
Related words and expressions: tawag = call / to call; tigom = meeting; imbitahon = to invite
Meaning and usage notes: “Tawagon” works for calling or summoning someone. For formally calling a meeting, “magpatawag og tigom” may sound more specific.

callmeetingsummonverb

Example 1

Tawagon nila ang mga miyembro.

They will call the members.

Example 2

Magpatawag sila og tigom ugma.

They will call a meeting tomorrow.

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Bisaya · Cebuano · Vocabulary

presidensyal

Basic Vocabulary Government, Politics & Law

English

presidentialadjective

Alternative meanings: Related to the president, the presidency, or the presidential office.
Pronunciation: preh-see-DEN-syahl
Root and affixes: Borrowed word used as an adjective. Related to president and presidency.
Variants or conjugations: presidensyal; presidential
Related words and expressions: presidente = president; pagkapresidente = presidency; gobyerno = government
Meaning and usage notes: “Presidensyal” is used in political or formal contexts, such as presidential election, presidential office, or presidential system.

adjectivegovernmentpresidentpresidential

Example 1

Importante ang eleksyon presidensyal.

The presidential election is important.

Example 2

Gihisgutan nila ang sistema presidensyal.

They talked about the presidential system.

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Bisaya · Cebuano · Vocabulary

Talyer

Basic Vocabulary Education & Learning Home & Objects Technology & Information

English

workshop / repair shopnoun

Alternative meanings: workshop
repair shop
auto repair shop
garage
service department
educational workshop, depending on context
Pronunciation: TAHL-yer
Root and affixes: Borrowed from Spanish “taller,” adapted as talyer in Cebuano. It is especially used for mechanical workshops or places where vehicles or machines are repaired.
Variants or conjugations: taller = Spanish form
talyer = workshop / garage / repair shop
workshop = educational workshop or practical class
seminar = seminar / training workshop
talyer sa awto = car repair shop
talyer sa motorsiklo = motorcycle repair shop
Related words and expressions: mekaniko = mechanic
ayo = to repair / fix
garahe = garage
serbisyo = service
awto = car
motorsiklo = motorcycle
pagbansay = training
Meaning and usage notes: Use talyer for a mechanical workshop or repair shop. For a workshop as an educational activity, training, or hands-on class, workshop, seminar, or pagbansay may fit depending on context.

auto shopgaragemechanicrepairrepair shopservice departmenttrainingworkshop

Example 1

Gidala nako ang awto sa talyer.

I took the car to the repair shop.

Example 2

Naay workshop sa pagsulat karong Sabado.

There is a writing workshop this Saturday.

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